Finite Automata And Formal Languages A Simple Approach Pdf 18 BEST
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Finite Automata and Formal Languages: A Simple Approach
Finite automata are mathematical models of computation that can recognize and generate regular languages. Regular languages are sets of strings that can be described by simple rules, such as \"no consecutive 1's\" or \"ends with 0\". Formal languages are abstract ways of defining and studying the syntax and semantics of natural and artificial languages.
In this article, we will introduce the basic concepts and properties of finite automata and regular languages, using a simple and intuitive approach based on examples and diagrams. We will also show how to use finite automata to design and implement simple text processing applications, such as pattern matching and lexical analysis.
What is a Finite Automaton
A finite automaton (FA) is a machine that can read an input string over some alphabet (a finite set of symbols) and decide whether to accept or reject it. A FA has a finite number of states, one of which is designated as the start state, and some of which are designated as final or accepting states. A FA also has a transition function that specifies how to move from one state to another based on the input symbol.
We can represent a FA graphically using a state diagram, where each state is represented by a circle, each transition by an arc labeled with an input symbol, the start state by an arrow pointing to it, and the final states by double circles. For example, the following FA recognizes the language of all binary strings that do not have consecutive 1's:
To run a FA on an input string, we start from the start state and follow the transitions according to the input symbols. If we reach a final state after reading the whole input string, we say that the FA accepts the input string. Otherwise, we say that the FA rejects the input string. For example, the FA above accepts 1010 but rejects 1100.
What is a Regular Language
A regular language is a set of strings that can be recognized by some FA. For example, the language of all binary strings that do not have consecutive 1's is a regular language, because we can design a FA to recognize it (as shown above). Conversely, any language that can be recognized by some FA is a regular language.
We can also define regular languages using regular expressions, which are algebraic expressions that describe patterns of strings. For example, the regular expression (01)*0(01)* describes the language of all binary strings that end with 0. The basic operations of regular expressions are concatenation (ab means any string that starts with a and ends with b), union (ab means any string that is either a or b), and Kleene star (a* means any string that consists of zero or more repetitions of a). We can also use parentheses to group subexpressions.
Regular languages have many useful properties, such as closure under union, concatenation, star, complementation, and intersection. This means that if L1 and L2 are regular languages, then so are L1 U L2 (the set of strings that belong to either L1 or L2), L1L2 (the set of strings that are formed by concatenating a string from L1 and a string from L2), L1* (the set of strings that are formed by repeating a string from L1 zero or more times), L1' (the set of strings that do not belong to L1), and L1 â L2 (the set of strings that belong to both L1 and L2). These properties allow us to manipulate and combine regular languages in various ways.
What is a Formal Language
A formal language is any set of strings over some alphabet. A formal language does not have any inherent meaning or interpretation; it is simply defined by some rule or criterion. For example, we can define a formal language as \"the set of all strings over {a,b} that have an even number of b's\", or \"the set of all palindromes over {0,1}\".
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